Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the digital economy has experienced significant growth alongside numerous challenges, driven by the emergence of new digital technologies and advancements in Industry 4.0. This article aims to explore the various dimensions of the digital economy across countries and examine the regulatory approaches needed to address its complexities.
Method: This study adopts a documentary and analytical-descriptive approach, focusing on the interdependence between economic, social, and developmental aspects of digital trade, particularly in developing countries.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical importance of addressing the interplay between economic, social, and developmental factors in digital trade for developing countries. The analysis reveals the impact of digital technologies on employment and identifies uncertainties within the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding the regulation of trade and e-commerce policies. These uncertainties underscore the weaknesses of multilateralism in shaping effective trade and e-commerce regulations.
To successfully implement digital industrial policies, countries must focus on developing two types of fundamental capabilities essential for benefiting from the digital economy:

Specialized Capabilities:Skills, knowledge, and technical expertise crucial for Industry 4.0, such as data scientists, robotic process automation engineers, and technology specialists.
Transdisciplinary Skills:Skills that combine technical expertise with specific factory management knowledge, enabling the integration and operation of hybrid production systems.

Additionally, collective action at the international level is necessary to establish a fair and equitable normative framework for digital trade. Such a framework would ensure that all countries, regardless of their developmental stage, can participate equitably in the global digital economy.